Тег: oksitocin

Vlade već mogu razmišljati o tome da manipulišu osećanjima i ponašanjem ljudi pomoću raspršivanih preparata, zato smo i mi obavezni da se opiremo biološkim metodama

Voluntarist, Bitarch

Postoji izuzetno zanimljivo istraživanje Vojnom-mornaričkih postdiplumskih studija u gradu Monterey u državi Kalifornija o upotrebi oksitocina u policijske i vojne svrhe. Oksitocin je hormon koji pojačava poverenje i predisponira ka izgradnji poverljivih odnosa, što se predlaže koristiti za prisilno smanjenje nevolje ljudi da komuniciraju sa agentima sile. U njemu se takođe razmatraju različite metode dostave oksitocina, od kojih je najefikasnija inhalaciona, puštanje oksitocina putem ovlaživača vazduha, aerozolnog raspršivača ili drugog uređaja, jer pri inhalaciji on gotovo trenutno dospeva u mozak i počinje da deluje.

Neki od predloženih scenarija primene su prilično bezazleni i mogu biti korisni. To je stimulisanje poverenja kod deteta koje je žrtva ili svedok zločina, kod osobe koja izražava suicidalne namere, u scenariju uzimanja talaca radi sprovođenja uspešnih pregovora, kod kriminalaca radi njihove rehabilitacije, ili kod terorista, kako bi brzo poverovali podmetnutom novajliji.

Ali takođe se predlažu izuzetno mračni scenariji koji bi mogli omogućiti stacionarnim banditima (državama) da učvrste vlast, pa čak do izgradnje totalitarne diktature, bez suočavanja sa otporom. Prvi scenario je kontrola protesta putem stimulisanja poverenja protestnika prema policiji i snagama bezbednosti. Drugi scenario je borba protiv pobuna, uključujući masovno raspršivanje oksitocina, kako bi se steklo poverenje stanovništva i predisponiralo ono ka izdavanju pojedinaca koji su nepoželjni vlastima.

Vredi napomenuti da je ovo istraživanje objavljeno još 2007. godine, i na njemu je naznačeno da je „neklasifikovano“ (razgradirano) i „dozvoljeno za javni pristup“. Šta su američki vojnici mogli još smisliti u međuvremenu, što je tajno i nije u javnom pristupu, nama ostaje samo da nagađamo. Naročito s obzirom na postojanje takvih ideja u njihovoj prošlosti kao što su „gej-bombama“, koje bi pri bacanju na neprijateljske trupe trebalo da učine vojnike nesposobnim za borbu izazivajući snažno uzbuđenje.

Jedno je sasvim jasno – možemo sigurno pretpostaviti da stacionarni banditi žele da manipulišu našim osećanjima i ponašanjem, pribegavajući biološkim metodama uticaja. I moguće je da će im jednog dana uopšte biti dostupna sredstva sposobna da ljudima peru mozak i učine ih apsolutno pokornim.

Za takvu pretnju može se ponuditi jedno efikasno rešenje – delovati preventivno, takođe pribegavajući biološkim sredstvima koja se mogu lako i jeftino proizvoditi. Reč je o sredstvima za pojačanje funkcije mehanizma inhibicije nasilja, čiji nedostatak dovodi do psihopatskih predispozicija i sposobnosti vršenja namernih i planiranih činova nasilja. Težnja da se ima nasilna vlast nad ljudima takođe je znak prisustva psihopatskih crta, i pojačanje inhibitora nasilja trebalo bi da predisponira osobu da to napusti. Takođe bi to trebalo da učini agente sile stacionarnih bandita nesposobnim da efikasno vrše činove nasilja.

Ali šta je sa dostavom takvih sredstava njihovim pacijentima? Treba napomenuti da agenti sile ne postoje izolovano od društva. Oni žive pored nas, hodaju istim ulicama, neće moći da jure neslaganjem u gasnim maskama, naročito ako ih neko zasuje bojom, naposletku, oni se regrutuju direktno iz društva. Oni nisu više zaštićeni od biološkog uticaja običnih ljudi nego obični ljudi od istog takvog uticaja sa njihove strane. Naročito će biti ranjivi ako sredstva za permanentno pojačanje inhibitora nasilja postanu dostupna i jeftina, na primer, preparati genske terapije. I pitanje je samo ko će preuzeti inicijativu u biološkim metodama uticaja, hoće li ljudi uspeti da pobede takvu patologiju kao što je disfunkcija inhibitora nasilja i iskorene je iz društva pre pojave efikasnih sredstava za pranje mozga.

Da li je suzbijanje agresije povezano sa oksitocinom i prosocijalnim ponašanjem?

Voluntarist, Bitarh

Pretty well known is the fact that the hormone oxytocin plays an important role in pro-social behavior. It promotes the formation of attachment between mother and child, pair bonding, predisposes a person to trust and benevolence towards those they consider „their own,“ helps establish relationships between people, and so on. The hormone vasopressin also plays an important role in pro-social behavior, including the formation of paternal love for children.

These hormones are often called regulators of aggression. It is believed that in intra-group relations, oxytocin promotes the establishment of altruism and non-violence, uniting and coordinating the actions of individual group members. Conversely, in the case of inter-group relations, this only increases aggressiveness, as a cohesive group is ready to fight more fiercely with other „foreign“ groups, toward whose members oxytocin does not predispose trust. This is often used to explain the emergence of wars between different groups of people [1].

At the same time, based on the theory of the violence inhibition mechanism, in species where it is strongly expressed, including humans, the restraint of aggression extends to all intra-species relations. And yet, occurring violence is explained by the presence of a small number of individuals in whom the operation of this mechanism is impaired. This conclusion is supported by many studies, including military ones. They show that the majority of people experience strong resistance to causing harm to other people and committing murder. Even on the battlefield, this applies to the majority of soldiers, and only a minority of them are the driving force of war [2].

Having two such explanations for the nature of social and aggressive behavior, the question arises as to which of them is actually correct, or if both are correct, how they relate to each other. Answering such a question is not so difficult if one looks at how the corresponding neurophysiological systems work and interact with each other.

Recall that the use of certain agonists of serotonin 1A and 1B receptors (drugs that activate them) led to the suppression of manifestations of attacking aggression in animals, while not affecting defensive aggression, as well as other forms of behavior and social communication. This result fully correlates with the expected result of the violence inhibitor’s operation, which speaks to its function as part of the serotonergic (5-HT) system.

It is interesting that the 5-HT system, including 1A and 1B receptors, is involved in the regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion [3]. In one experiment, the application of a 1A receptor agonist to mice contributed not only to the suppression of attacking aggression but also to the emergence of pro-social behavior (close contact and grooming of a conspecific) due to oxytocin secretion. At the same time, the simultaneous administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist (a drug that blocks it) did not reduce the anti-aggressive effect at all, but only suppressed pro-social behavior. And the administration along with a vasopressin receptor antagonist changed nothing at all [4].

It can be concluded that the regulation of aggression and the stimulation of pro-social behavior are functions performed by different neurophysiological systems. Moreover, the 5-HT system, responsible for the former, is capable of influencing the operation of oxytocin and vasopressin receptors, responsible for the latter, but not vice versa. This means that it is specifically the theory of the violence inhibition mechanism that explains the nature of aggression regulation, while oxytocin relates only to pro-social behavior. And the absence of such behavior in an individual, for example when encountering a „stranger“ (but a representative of their own species) or simply due to a malfunction of the oxytocin receptor, but with the violence inhibitor still functioning, absolutely does not mean that they will be predisposed to a violent attack.

1. De Dreu C. K. W. et al. (2010). The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans;
2. Teorija nasilja: https://antiviolence.io/ru;
3. Jørgensen, H., Riis, M., Knigge, U., Kjaer, A., & Warberg, J. (2003). Serotonin Receptors Involved in Vasopressin and Oxytocin Secretion;
4. Tan, O., Martin, L. J., & Bowen, M. T. (2020). Divergent pathways mediate 5-HT1A receptor agonist effects on close social interaction, grooming and aggressive behaviour in mice: Exploring the involvement of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems.